Obesity: A Growing Concern

March 4 is World Obesity Day

Dr. Abha Singh

Obesity is defined as an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. It often results from taking in more calories than are burned by exercise or normal daily activities. It is measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI), which calculates weight in relation to height. A BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight, while 30 or above is classified as obese. Obesity is not just about being overweight, it is a serious condition that increases the risk of diseases like hypertension, diabetes, heart ailments and joint problems.

In recent years, obesity has become one of the biggest health challenges worldwide, affecting millions of people across all age groups. According to World Health Organization (WHO) approximately one in eight people globally are affected by it which means more than 1 billion affection- this includes 879 million adults and 159 million children (as of 2022). The rates have tripled since 1975 due to sedentary lifestyles and dietary changes. India, too, is witnessing a sharp rise in obesity with 40.3% population in this category. As for Jharkhand, the National Family Health Survey (2016-2022) shows a figure of 5.9 percent.

The various causes of Obesity
Unhealthy Diet-
       – Consuming too much junk food, sugary drinks and high-calorie meals
– Modern diets are rich in processed foods that lack essential nutrients
Lack of Physical Activity –
– A dormant lifestyle (too much sitting, watching TV, or working on computers) reduces calorie burning
– Lack of exercise, leading to fat accumulation
Genetics:
– Some people have a genetic tendency to gain weight more easily than others
Hormonal & Medical Factors:
       – Conditions like hypothyroidism, PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome), and insulin resistance can contribute to weight gain
– Certain medications like antidepressants and steroids may also lead to obesity
Psychological & Lifestyle Factors:
– Stress and lack of sleep can cause overeating
– Social and economic factors also play a role

Obesity itself is not a disease but it increases the risk of several serious health conditions, including:
–  Heart Diseases: High cholesterol and high blood pressure raise the chances of heart attacks and strokes
– Diabetes (Type 2): Excess weight reduces insulin sensitivity, leading to high blood sugar
– Joint and Bone Problems: Extra weight puts pressure on the knees, hips, and spine, causing pain and arthritis
– Sleep Apnoea: Fat deposits around the neck can block airways, leading to breathing problems during sleep
– Mental Health Issues: Low self-esteem, depression and anxiety are common among such individuals
Tackling obesity requires lifestyle changes, awareness, and medical guidance as follows:
Healthy Eating Habits – Reduce consumption of processed foods, sugar, and unhealthy fats
– Eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins
– Control portion sizes and avoid overeating
Regular Physical Activity – Moderate exercise (walking, cycling, or swimming)
Behavioural Change – Reduce stress through meditation and hobbies
– Get enough sleep (7-8 hours) to regulate appetite and metabolism.
– Be mindful of emotional eating
Medical Support – Regular health check-ups can help monitor weight. In extreme cases, doctors may recommend weight-loss medications/ bariatric surgery.

Obesity is a serious but preventable condition. By making small but significant lifestyle changes, people can achieve and maintain a healthy weight.  Healthcare providers and communities must work together to promote awareness so that with the right approach, we can reverse the obesity trend and build a healthier future for the coming generations.

(Author is Clinical Associate, Medical Indoor Services,

Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur.)